Les traités d'"économique" aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles : une forme d'institutio nobilis

International audience: Dans cet article, l'auteur analyse des traités d'économique du XVIe et XVIIe siècles pour montrer comment ils entrent parmi les lieux privilégiés pour la codification de la vie more nobiliu

La «Cortegiania» e la «Cortesana Filosofia»: B. Castiglione e B. Gracián

L’articolo stabilisce un confronto fra la cortigiania, ovvero la filosofia del comportamento raffinato dell’uomo cortese proposta dal testo Il cortigiano di Baldassare Castiglione, e la cortesana filosofia presente in tutta l’opera di Gracián. Questi due autori, che hanno vissuto in paesi e luoghi differenti, hanno dei principi filosofici, antropologici e religiosi molto diversi. Si distinguono dunque sia dal punto di vista letterario sia per il loro approccio teorico. Il primo offre un nuovo modello sociale di comportamento legato alla struttura particolare della corte all’inizio dell’epoca moderna; il secondo si propone esplicitamente di creare un «prodigio», un uomo «artificiale» che sappia far fronte alla realtà ingannevole, che sappia sopravvivere in un mondo ostile. Egli annuncia in un certo senso il passaggio dalla tradizionale società d’ordini, in cui ognuno ha sin dalla nascita il suo posto assicurato nella società, al mondo dell’«individualità astratta»This article compares cortigian, that is polite men’s refined behavior philosophy proposed by Baldassare Castiglione Il cortigiano and courtesan philosophy which is present in Gracián’s work. Both writers, who lived in different countries and places, have very different philosophical, anthropological and religious principles. They are different either as literary the point of view or theoretical approach. The first offers a new social behavior model related to the private court structure in the beginning of modern era while the latter proposes explicitly to create a «prodigy», an «artificial man» who could face illusionary reality and could survive in a hostile world. Somehow, he announces the traditional order society transition in which each one has their own place since they are born to «abstract individuality»Este artigo estabelece uma comparação entre a cortigiania, ou seja, a filosofia do comportamento refinado do homem cortês proposta pelo texto Il cortigiano de Baldassare Castiglione, e a cortesana filosofia presente em toda a obra de Gracián. Esses dois autores, que viveram em países e lugares diferentes, têm princípios filosóficos, antropológicos e religiosos bem distintos. Diferenciam-se seja do ponto de vista literário seja pela abordagem teórica. O primeiro oferece um novo modelo social de comportamento relacionado com a estrutura particular da corte no começo da época moderna; o segundo propõe-se, explicitamente, criar um «prodígio», um homem «artificial» que saiba enfrentar a realidade inganosa, que saiba sobreviver em um mundo hostil. Ele anuncia, em certo sentido, a passagem da sociedade tradicional das ordens, em que cada um tem desde seu nascimento um lugar garantido, para a «individualidade abstrata

La “cortegiania” y la “cortesana filosofía”: B. Castiglione y B. Gracián

The aim of this article is to explore the concept of “courtliness” («cortesania») in Castiglione and Gracián. The hero of Gracián learns the art of the “courtliness” from Castiglione, but he is not a “courtier”. Gracián uses the word “courtier” in a much broader sense. The courtliness in Castiglione is a sort of meta-discipline that contains in itself all the arts and is founded on the universal rule of «grace». The article shows how the theory of the grace of Castiglione, through which the count would have been able to reconcile two requirements, achieved success in Court and a life governed by the sign of elegance, loses its intensity in Gracián, who insists more on the strategic behavior, based more on prudence and discretion than on grace. The courtesan philosophy of Gracián is understood as a discourse on the life. If we understand the court as the enclosed space in which the courtier of Castiglione lives, it is not a philosophy of court but a philosophy of human life. Gracián court is the square in the world.El artículo explora el concepto de « cortesanía » en Castiglione y en Gracián. El héroe de Gracián aprende el arte de la « cortesanía » de Castiglione, sin por eso ser un « cortesano ». Gracián emplea la palabra « cortesano » en un sentido mucho más amplio. La cortesanía en Castiglione es una suerte de metadisciplina que contiene en sí todas las artes y se funda sobre la regla universal de la « gracia ». El artículo muestra cómo la teoría de la gracia de Castiglione, a través de la cual el conde habría sabido conciliar dos exigencias, el éxito en la corte y una vida orientada bajo el signo de la elegancia, pierde su intensidad en Gracián, quien insiste más en el comportamiento estratégico, fundado más bien sobre la prudencia y la discreción que sobre la gracia. La filosofía cortesana de Gracián es entendida como un discurso sobre la vida. No se trata de una losofía de la corte, si se entiende a la corte como el espacio cerrado en el cual vive el cortesano de Castiglione, sino que de una filosofía de la vida humana. La corte de Gracián es la plaza del mundo

Lynch Syndrome

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by an increased cancer susceptibility, particularly of the colon and endometrium. LS is caused by a constitutional heterozygous loss-of-function mutation or epimutation in one of the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2). Loss of MMR activity leads to an accumulation of DNA replication errors, especially in repetitive sequences, a phenomenon referred to as microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI occurs in the

Use of larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as an in vivo model to study the virulence of Helicobacter pylori

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is the first bacterium formally recognized as a carcinogen and is one of the most successful human pathogens, as over half of the world’s population is colonized by the bacterium. H. pylori-induced gastroduodenal disease depends on the inflammatory response of the host and on the production of specific bacterial virulence factors. The study of Helicobacter pylori pathogenic action would greatly benefit by easy-to-use models of infection. RESULTS: In the present study, we examined the effectiveness of the larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella as a new model for H. pylori infection. G. mellonella larvae were inoculated with bacterial suspensions or broth culture filtrates from either different wild-type H. pylori strains or their mutants defective in specific virulence determinants, such as VacA, CagA, CagE, the whole pathogenicity island (PAI) cag, urease, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT). We also tested purified VacA cytotoxin. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and LD(50) lethal doses were calculated. Viable bacteria in the hemocoel were counted at different time points post-infection, while apoptosis in larval hemocytes was evaluated by annexin V staining. We found that wild-type and mutant H. pylori strains were able to survive and replicate in G. mellonella larvae which underwent death rapidly after infection. H. pylori mutant strains defective in either VacA, or CagA, or CagE, or cag PAI, or urease, but not GGT-defective mutants, were less virulent than the respective parental strain. Broth culture filtrates from wild-type strains G27 and 60190 and their mutants replicated the effects observed using their respective bacterial suspension. Also, purified VacA cytotoxin was able to kill the larvae. The killing of larvae always correlated with the induction of apoptosis in hemocytes. CONCLUSIONS: G. mellonella larvae are susceptible to H. pylori infection and may represent an easy to use in vivo model to identify virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori. The experimental model described can be useful to screen a large number of clinical H. pylori strain and to correlate virulence of H. pylori strains with patients’ disease status

Experimental investigation on the influence of the aspect ratio on the in-plane/out-of-plane interaction for masonry infills in RC frames

Abstract The analysis of the behaviour of masonry infills under out-of-plane (OOP) and in-plane (IP) loading is paramount to correctly assess the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) frames. A very important issue about this topic is certainly the IP/OOP interaction, namely the analysis of how the IP damage, which affects infills during earthquakes, can influence their OOP behaviour (and vice-versa). Some studies about this topic were developed in the last years; nevertheless, only a dozen of tests currently exists in the literature to experimentally explore this key issue. This work first presents an experimental campaign carried out on square infill walls in RC frames to investigate about the OOP behaviour of the masonry infills, and about the IP/OOP interaction. On the whole, four specimens have been tested under OOP monotonic loading. Three of them have been first damaged under cyclic IP actions, with different extent; the remaining one, used as a reference, was tested under OOP loading only. The experimental campaign is described in detail in terms of specimens' characteristics, material properties, adopted setup and instrumentation layout. The experimental results are analysed in terms of IP and OOP force-displacement responses, vertical arch strength contribution evolutions, and damage state evolutions, and compared with prediction proposals from the literature. Then, the influence of the infill aspect ratio (width (w)-to-height (h) ratio) on the IP/OOP interaction is investigated by means of the comparison between data presented herein (collected on infills with w/h = 1) and a companion experimental campaign previously performed on nominally identical infills except that for the aspect ratio of the specimens (in that case, higher than the unit). It has been observed that under given IP drift levels, square infills presented lower IP damage levels with respect to rectangular infills (with w/h > 1), thus generally producing a less pronounced detrimental effect of the IP imposed drift on the OOP strength. Nevertheless, none of the predictions from literature takes into account the role of the aspect ratio on the IP/OOP interaction, generally resulting in conservative predictions, to be improved in future works

Dataset on the use of 3D speckle tracking echocardiography in light-chain amyloidosis

The dataset presented in this article is related to the research article entitled “Biventricular assessment of light-chain amyloidosis using 3D speckle tracking echocardiography: Differentiation from other forms of myocardial hypertrophy” (Vitarelli et al.,2018) [1], which examined the potential utility of left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) deformation and rotational parameters derived from three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) to diagnose cardiac amyloidosis(CA) and differentiate this disease from other forms of myocardial hypertrophy. The combined assessment of LV basal longitudinal strain, LV basal rotation and RV basal longitudinal strain had a high discriminative power for detecting CA. The data of this study provides more understanding on the value of LV 3DSTE deformation parameters as well as RV parameters in this particular cardiomyopathy

Implicazioni medico-legali delle linee guida cliniche

Clinical guidelines are defined as «systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances». Their aim is to help the physician in making clinical decisions, improving the quality of patient care, and promoting efficient use of economic resources. The paper explores legal, deontological and ethical aspects of guidelines in the Italian context. In Italy, adherence to the guidelines is not considered legally binding for the physician. Anyway guidelines can be used by the Court in medical malpractice litigation. In fact, assuming that clinical guidelines express the reasonable standard of care, they can be considered a tool for assessment of the questionable conduct. To avoid that guidelines might be considered merely as an instrument of defensive medicine, it is essential that clinicians become aware of their importance in improving clinical practice